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INFLUENCES ON OVERVATNESS AND OBESITY: BIOLOGICAL INFLUENCES

Biological factors which influence body fat levels are generally not amenable to modification. The main biological factors known to influence obesity are genetic (including sex and race), age, hormone status, illness and disability.

Heredity accounts for about 25-40 per cent of the variance of body mass index suggesting that obesity has a strong genetic base, and according to evidence to date, is polygenic (influenced by many genes rather than a few). Sex differences are also known to affect fat/energy balance. In general, adipose stores are more hormonally controlled in females, particularly during the reproductive years. Fat loss and maintenance of lower equilibrium fat stores also becomes more difficult with age. Differences occur between the sexes early in life, become greatest with the onset of menses, then tend to decrease with the changes in female hormone status in post-menopausal women. Finally, there is increasing evidence of racial influences on body composition. The implications of these biological influences are in accepting factors beyond the wilful control of the obese person. Obesity should no longer be thought of as being due solely to either sloth and/or gluttony.

*82\186\4*

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May 8, 2009 - 12:09 PM No Comments

TREATMENTS TO HELP MANAGE PAIN: TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL NERVE STIMULATION (TENS) THERAPY

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, commonly known as TENS, is a treatment developed when it was observed that pain symptoms eased when electricity was applied to the skin at the site of pain.

A TENS unit is a small battery-operated machine (about 10 centimetres by 8 centimetres) that is usually clipped to a belt or placed in a pocket. Two small electrodes that are stuck on to the skin with paste at the site of the pain run from this battery. The small electrical impulses emitted from the battery are transmitted through the electrodes and stimulate the nerves which, in turn, control the pain symptoms. The intensity and rate of the impulses can be regulated by a dial located on the machine.

It is thought that TENS may work in two ways. Firstly, the electrical currents may stimulate the nerves to prevent the pain messages from the area reaching the brain. Secondly, it may increase the production of endorphins — pain-killing chemicals produced by the body.

During the treatment women have said that they experience a tingling or pulsating sensation under the electrodes.

There is no evidence that TENS is addictive and during the day it can be used continuously or intermittently.

It appears that the effect of the TENS may be such that after a time you will be able to decrease the amount of time that you need to use it.

*73\83\2*

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May 8, 2009 - 8:56 AM No Comments

WHAT HAPPENS IN ENDOMETRIOSIS AND WHAT DOES ENDOMETRIOSIS LOOK LIKE: CLASSICAL IMPLANTS

Once the fragments of endometrium have implanted they begin to respond to the fluctuating levels of the menstrual cycle hormones in the same way as the endometrium lining the uterus. Thus, the implants thicken and swell with blood and then break down and bleed each month. This blood then cannot escape from the body so it bleeds directly onto the surface of the surrounding organs, causing irritation which leads to inflammation, scarring and, sometimes, the development of adhesions.

As the disease progresses the implants gradually enlarge in size and may form small cysts.

As a cyst enlarges, the pressure within the cyst may cause it to rupture during menstruation, spilling the contents onto the adjacent tissues. This may in turn lead to the development of new implants.

What does endometriosis look like

Classical implants-Until recently, endometrial implants were thought to be fairly uniform in appearance. However, in the last few years there has been a growing appreciation that they have a range of characteristic appearances.

It is now understood that what were traditionally recognized as being classical implants are, in fact, probably only one end of the spectrum of appearances and that they are probably only typical of older implants.

Classical implants usually appear as tiny dots, or clusters of dots, on the surface of the organ or ligament on which they have implanted. They are usually only pinhead in size but they may be up to a centimetre or more in diameter. They range in colour from brown to black depending on how much old blood they contain. When magnified they may look like clusters of black grapes.

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May 8, 2009 - 8:48 AM No Comments

T’AI CHI

A very common sight in the parks of China and Hong Kong is people practising the graceful routines of T’ai chi. It is becoming increasingly popular in western countries as well, as a wholistic means of engendering body awareness and reducing stress and anxiety. The slow, continous movements of T’ai chi have their roots in the martial arts but the aggressive, tactical aspects of karate or kung fu were removed by Taoist monks and replaced by a greater contemplation of the flow of energy though the body and self expression. Many of the movements, of which there are more than 100, are derived from the behaviour of animals and birds and are identified by names such as ‘the birds beak’ and ‘the stalk cools its wings’. It is always recommended that T’ai chi be practised in the open air and that the movements be properly taught by an experienced instructor.

Its meditative, relaxing aspects are well understood, but T’ai chi is also beneficial for posture, breathing control and circulation. As a preventive therapy it works on the principle of balancing the yin and the yang forces in the body, calming the mind and promoting good health.

*61\69\2*

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April 29, 2009 - 10:00 AM No Comments

ST JOHN’S WORT IN THE ELDERLY: GABRIELLE’S STORY (REDISCOVERING HOPE)

Gabrielle, aged 62, has had many roles during her life: wife to a foreign diplomat, mother of five, indefatigable fund-raiser for her favourite charities, and formerly a public relations consultant for the fashion industry. But none of these roles prepared her for the role that many of us dread and for which none of us is truly prepared: the role of cancer patient.

In retrospect, warning signs had extended back for many months but, as is often the case, they were missed both by Gabrielle and her doctors. She had previously suffered from colitis, so the typical bowel symptoms of cancer were easily explained away. But after her symptoms had continued for five months, she underwent a colonoscopy and a large tumour of the colon was diagnosed. This was removed at surgery but unfortunately the cancer had already spread to the liver by that time.

Gabrielle had never previously been depressed even though depression runs in her family. Her mother had been affected by the condition, as had three of her four sisters, two of whom spent lengthy stays in psychiatric hospitals and one of whom committed suicide. After the surgery Gabrielle could understand how this third sister had been driven to such a desperate act as she herself was overcome by a ‘tremendous’ depression. She felt sad and tearful much of the time. Riddled with guilt, she blamed herself for not having attended to the symptoms of her tumour more promptly. She couldn’t eat and felt like being sick almost all the time. Normally a very sociable person, she didn’t want to talk to anyone or answer the phone. Gabrielle spent much of the day lying in bed, looking at the ceiling. Her legs were heavy and she was unable to walk, which was perhaps just as well because she had thoughts of running into the street and putting an end to it all.

Her doctor prescribed Lustral, which she took for three days but stopped because it suppressed her appetite, made her feel nauseated and interfered with her sleep. Another anti-depressant was prescribed but she was reluctant to take it as it came with warnings against going into the sun and she and her family were on the verge of taking a trip to Puerto Rico to see one of her children. In Puerto Rico Gabrielle’s husband told her about St John’s Wort and she felt there seemed to be little harm in trying the herbal remedy. Even though the setting was lovely and she was with family, she still felt very down and ‘like a drag on everybody’.

Gabrielle bought some St John’s Wort in a health food shop in Puerto Rico and began by taking one capsule twice a day. It worked ‘like magic’ and after a week she felt wonderful. She has been on it now for two months and all symptoms of depression have left even though she needs to go for chemotherapy once a week. ‘I go out, I talk to people again and I don’t think of my physical illness.’ Gabrielle attributes some of her recovery to the loving support of her family and holidays they have taken together, but she is sure that none of this would have been possible without the power of St John’s Wort which, to her relief, has been without any side-effects whatsoever. So excited is she about the herb that she suggested that her daughter, who was also depressed, start St John’s Wort at the same time as she did. According to Gabrielle, ‘my daughter is very happy with its effects.’ Gabrielle has been told that the prognosis for her cancer is good and she is determined to live her life as fully as possible. Now that her depression is better she is able to make good on this resolution.

*35\75\2*

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April 29, 2009 - 8:43 AM No Comments

CASE STUDY: DEPRESSION WITH HEADACHE

Meryl Avery suffered from depression, with occasional seizures of panic, for six years. Before that she had had a long history of physical and mental-like problems, although she was still in her twenties.

As a baby she had thrown up easily, and she had wet her bed until she was fourteen. As a child, she would sometimes hold her breath until she turned blue in the face and passed out. She had many mysterious “infections.” By the time she entered college, however, she seemed to be doing fairly well.

The long drive home from college during her freshman year triggered her ill health once again, however. She became acutely ill during the trip, and when she reached home, she could not walk but had to crawl up the stairs to her bedroom, crying all the way. She had a severe headache, was sick all night, and had residual symptoms on the following day.

The other passengers in the car also got headaches, but only Meryl became so desperately sick. In retrospect, her friends figured that there was a leak in the exhaust system of the car and that some of the fumes and carbon monoxide had gotten into the passenger compartment. None of the passengers could recall smelling any exhaust odors, however, or noticing anything unusual about the trip. The car was checked out and was not found to be defective.

While the other people recovered, Meryl’s health started a precipitous decline. She was plagued by weakness, fatigue, and dizziness at school. She started getting headaches again, a problem she had had frequently as a teenager. She took stimulatory drugs—”White Crosses,” or “uppers”—and alcohol to relieve feelings of weakness and mental exhaustion.

Because of these problems she was unable to attend most of her classes and lost credit for the term. The trip home was again traumatic, and she arrived in tears. To be closer to home, Meryl transferred to another college, but her problems became worse. She cried almost continually, threw temper tantrums, and was soon depressed most of the time. Her eating habits deteriorated: she practically lived on “instant breakfasts.”

Her reading comprehension declined. Her memory was poor; she was unable to handle taxing situations and “froze up” on examinations. During the next summer she visited relatives in the rural South and, simultaneously, contacted a nutritionist who was familiar with clinical ecology. The combination of relatively pure air and a partial diagnosis of her food problem worked wonders. “I discovered what it was like to feel good,” she later said in reference to this time. For the next six months she remained on a Rotary Diversified Diet and avoided some incriminated foods. But on Christmas day, at a family party, she began cheating on this diet and continued to slip downhill all week. The binge ended in a marathon cookie-eating session, in a room with a gas fireplace.

The next morning Meryl was, as she says, “totally freaked out.” Although she kept taking alkali salts, which can often ameliorate allergic symptoms, and ate what she thought were her compatible foods, she could not regain her previous feelings of health. She screamed and hit the walls, the furniture took on odd shapes, and she became severely depressed. Her sister had to come and calm her down.

Finally, she sought help at the Ecology Unit. After an initial period of headaches and itchy eyes, she felt well again. She reacted to several of the waters tested, but one was found with which she was compatible.

The worst reactions were as follows: Eating corn was followed by blotchy face and itchiness; cod brought hot feelings, tingling in the neck and shoulders, panic which came on quickly, and headache. Red snapper brought severe depression, crying, panic, and a “spacey” feeling. Eggs were followed by aches and pains all over and panic after two hours. After eating rabbit she fell asleep and then awoke in panic, crying and depressed. Avocado brought sleepiness, after which she awoke depressed and angry. Cauliflower was accompanied by an immediate depression. Between such tests, or when given compatible foods, she was pleasant and cheerful.

We next took some of Meryl’s safe foods and fed them to her in their chemically contaminated form, just as they came from the supermarket, presumably contaminated with residues of pesticides and preservatives. Within ninety minutes of her first meal, she developed a severe depression which lasted for several hours.

Food reactions are not always traceable to commonly eaten foods. Often a person will react, or rather cross-react, to less frequently eaten foods, if those foods “remind” the body of other, allergy-causing substances. In Meryl’s case, however, there was a clear link between her reactions and her eating habits.

She had previously reported a craving for sweets and a severe reaction to cookies. These usually contained corn syrup, and thus it is not surprising that she had a strong reaction to corn and corn sugar in her hospital diagnostic test. People with such allergies, as explained in Chapter 10, also frequently are allergic to alcoholic beverages, which often contain corn in some form. Meryl had reported severe reactions to alcoholic beverages of all sorts and was on the verge of becoming an alcoholic. She had a serious reaction in the hospital to yeast, which is an ingredient in all alcoholic beverages. After the nutritionist had diagnosed some of Meryl’s food allergies, she had switched to fish as a supposedly safe food, but she had eaten it in an addictive way, having it for breakfast every day. Thus it is not surprising that she should have had very severe reactions to cod and red snapper.

Many of Meryl’s problems seemed in retrospect to have been related to her chemical-susceptibility problem (which was demonstrated by her reaction to contaminated food). Her initial experience returning from college was probably related to car exhaust fumes. These could have been relatively “normal” amounts of exhausts which often seep into cars traveling at highway speeds. The other people in the car were apparently less susceptible to this influence, and suffered either transient headaches or no symptoms at all. By adhering to a new diet, and minimizing her exposure to chemical pollution, Meryl was able to finish college and begin a successful career.

*86\110\2*

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April 28, 2009 - 12:19 PM No Comments

ALCOHOL AND SLEEP

Not wishing to be dependent on pills, many people who have difficulty sleeping take a drink of liquor, beer, or wine before going to bed, a remedy that, Geriatrics (41#6:81) reports, can be counterproductive.

While alcohol is definitely a sedative and can be counted upon to make one quickly fall asleep, this effect can wear off after just a few hours and be replaced by a phase of stimulation and irritability that keeps one awake. It is also true that while small to moderate amounts of alcohol are sedative in effect and make one feel drowsy, larger amounts taken over a prolonged period can, in some cases, actually interfere with sleep.

Alcohol at bedtime may also increase the effect of other medications, such as those that lower blood pressure, antihistamines, heart medicines that relax the arteries, sedatives and tranquilizers The combined effect may produce dizziness and falls, with the risk of a fractured hip or other broken bones, when the person gets out of bed during the night. Alcohol as a sleep aid, therefore, is not a very good idea.

*164\143\2*

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April 28, 2009 - 11:25 AM No Comments

GERMAN MEASLES IN CHILDREN: SYMPTOMS, HOME CARE, PRECAUTIONS

AND TREATMENT

 

Signs and symptoms

Characteristic symptoms of rubella are swollen, tender lymph nodes in front of and behind the ears, at the base of the skull, and on the sides of the neck. In a day or two, a fine or splotchy dark-pink rash appears on the face; the rash spreads over the rest of the body within 24 hours. The rash usually lasts about three days and may or may not be accompanied by a low-grade fever (37.8°C-38.3°C), slight reddening of the throat and the whites of the eyes, and slight loss of appetite.

The patient is contagious for the period from seven days before the onset of the illness until four or five days after the appearance of the rash. Infants born with rubella may be contagious for as long as a year after birth.

No other disease causes both a rash and tenderness and enlargement of the particular lymph nodes involved in rubella. The diagnosis of rubella can be confirmed by culturing throat secretions, blood, or urine to identify the virus, or by blood test results that show an increased level of the antibodies, protective substances that the body has produced to fight the infection.

Home care

Give aspirin or paracetamol to reduce fever or discomfort. Do not let your child come in contact with pregnant women.

Precautions

• Before becoming pregnant, a woman should either be immunized against rubella or should receive a blood test to find out if she is immune to the disease. If she is not immune, she should be immunized at least three months before trying to become pregnant.

• All children should be immunized against rubella.

• A pregnant woman who has been exposed to rubella should consult her doctor immediately.

• Be aware that a pregnant woman who is immune to rubella (having had the disease earlier or having been immunized) will not pass rubella to her unborn child by being exposed to the disease.

Medical treatment

Because it is so mild, doctors do not need to treat rubella in children. However, the doctor will establish the diagnosis by means of a physical examination and laboratory tests.

*81/84/5*

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April 28, 2009 - 9:31 AM No Comments

DRUGS TO LOWER CHOLESTEROL: DO STATINS WORK IN WOMEN?

So far there have not been any studies to show that statin drags reduce death rates from heart disease in women. The University of British Columbia Therapeutics Initiative has stated that statins offer no benefit to women for the prevention of heart disease. Yet more and more women are being put on these drags, and women are more likely than men to experience their negative side effects. In the vast majority of controlled, randomized clinical trials done on statins, there has been no improvement in survival rates in women.

According to Dr James M. Wright, PhD, of the University of British Columbia, “combined results of all trials do not support the use of statins by women without heart disease”. High blood cholesterol has never proven to be a risk factor for heart disease in women. At every age, women usually have higher blood cholesterol levels than men of the same age, yet women are around 15 years older than men when they have their first heart attack. The General Accounting Office of the US Government has recognized the lack of thorough clinical trials by stating “the trials generally have not evaluated the efficacy of cholesterol-lowering treatment for several important population groups, such as women, elderly men and women, and minority men and women. Thus, they provide little or no evidence of benefits or possible risks for these groups “.

As well as not reducing the risk of heart disease, statins can increase the risk of cancer. Three clinical trials have shown women who take statin drags to have higher rates of breast cancer. In one trial, people with heart disease took 40mg of Pravachol (pravastatin) or a placebo daily. The study found that 12 out of 286 women taking Pravachol developed breast cancer, and only one out of 290 taking the placebo did. This result is claimed to be “not statistically significant”, so you don’t hear about it. Only the positive results are published because much of the research is funded by the company that makes the drug. Medical research is extremely expensive to carry out, therefore the drug companies have to make sure they recoup their money.

*27/53/5*

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April 23, 2009 - 7:47 AM No Comments

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING YOUR FERTILITY: IONISING AND NON-IONISING RADIATION

Ionising Radiation

This type of radiation – which gives off charged particles called ions – is produced from X-rays. It has the power to change cells and can cause infertility and miscarriages.

The male testis is one of the most radio-sensitive tissues and must be carefully protected during routine X-rays. Studies have shown that even low doses of X-ray delivered directly to the testes can reduce the sperm count temporarily to zero. If the same dose is split up over time, instead of being given in one recovery of the sperm can take up to ten years. Clearly, men exposed to X-rays through their work are likely to have reduced sperm counts.

Non-ionising Radiation

This does not create ions and is produced naturally by the sun. We are exposed to it every day through microwaves, radar, mobile phones, radio waves, televisions, computers, electric blankets, etc.

Mobile Phones

There have been lots of scary stories in the media about the dangers of mobile phones. It has been claimed that they can cause a harmful rise in blood pressure. Other research has found that regular users have more headaches. And there are concerns that mobile phones can cause ‘hot spots’ in the brain, with a possible link to brain tumours. But investigators have stressed that more research needs to be done.

Meanwhile, scientists at the University of Montpellier in France have found that chick embryos can be damaged by electromagnetic signals sent out by VDUs and televisions. When chick embryos were exposed to mobile phone radiation during the 21-day, incubation period there was a five-fold increase in chick deaths, which suggests that there might be an increased risk of miscarriage in humans. The possible increased risk of miscarriage and the effects on human male and female fertility have not yet been investigated.

Microwave Cooking

The first microwaves went on sale in the UK in 1974 and now almost three-quarters of British households own a microwave oven. A microwave oven heats food by using high-frequency electromagnetic waves, similar to television. The molecules of the food agitate at over 2,000 times per second so that the food heats itself. The idea is that the metal oven is a sealed unit: microwaves cannot penetrate metal so they cannot escape. However, most of the health concerns have centered on the possibility that radiation could be leaking out during cooking and affecting fertility. There are also worries that food cooked in a microwave may be inherently changed in ways we are not yet aware of.

Because microwaving does not use water, vitamins which are water-soluble (like vitamin C) are conserved in the food. For example, potatoes keep 82 per cent of their vitamin Ñ when they are microwaved, as compared to 40 per cent when they are boiled.

But microwaving tends to destroy the fat-soluble vitamins, like vitamins A, D and E. Pumpkin seeds, which have valuable amounts of essential fatty acids, lose 46 per cent of these oils after 10 minutes of irradiation. These essential fatty acids are vital for both male and female fertility.

Microwave cooking also seems to destroy the cell walls of plant foods like vegetables. Studies on microwaved carrots and broccoli show that the molecular structure is deformed, whereas in conventional cooking the cell structure stays intact.

What this means is that the microwave process seems to encourage the production of free radicals (highly reactive chemical fragments which have been linked to cancer, coronary heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis and premature ageing).

At a time when you are aiming to increase your fertility by optimizing your health, anything that may compromise your health should be looked at carefully.

*13/73/5*

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April 23, 2009 - 7:13 AM No Comments

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